Custom-designed3D Tissue Modelsfor drug candidatevalidation.

Conventional in vitro and in vivo models, 2D culture, spheroids, organ-on-chip systems, and animal xenografts, are widely used to study drug targets and pharmacological effects. But according to the researchers, "these models did not fully replicate human organ characteristics," resulting in inconsistent biological mechanisms.

Li et al., "Bioprinted Organoids: An Innovative Engine in Biomedicine," Advanced Science (2025)

Today’s organ-on-chip systems are "poorly suited to high-throughput validation due to the requirements of multiple fabrication steps," driving up cost and labor. Bioprinting automates that process.

Chliara et al., "Bioprinting on Organ-on-Chip: Development and Applications," Biosensors (2022)

The FDA Modernization Act 2.0 "explicitly authorized the use of nonanimal alternatives...to support an investigational new drug application", and the FDA’s own roadmap points toward a Modernization Act 3.0 to accelerate the shift further.

FDA, Roadmap to Reducing Animal Testing in Preclinical Safety Studies (2025)